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Course Intermediate

Network Models and Protocols

By the end of this course

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01

Layered Models

The seven layers of OSI, the four layers of TCP/IP, the mechanics of encapsulation, and the per-layer data unit terms.

  1. 01 OSI Model The layer responsibilities of the seven-layer reference model, the service–interface–protocol distinction, and placing a fault at the correct layer.
  2. 02 TCP/IP Model The four-layer practical model, its mapping onto OSI, the hourglass architecture, and the end-to-end principle's effect on design.
  3. 03 Encapsulation and Headers How data is wrapped as it moves through the layers, the fields of the IPv4 header, the header checksum calculation, and the effect of header overhead on throughput.
  4. 04 Frame, Packet, Segment Per-layer data unit terms, the maximum transmission unit, the maximum segment size, and the IPv4 fragmentation calculation.

02

Link and Network Layer

The mechanics of local networking and routing, from the Ethernet frame to IPv4 and IPv6 addressing, from subnet design to address translation.

  1. 01 Ethernet and MAC Addresses The fields of the Ethernet frame, the bit structure of the 48-bit hardware address, broadcast addresses, and a switch's address-learning mechanism.
  2. 02 ARP Resolving an IP address to a hardware address, the request–reply cycle, cache behavior, proxy and gratuitous usage, and address poisoning.
  3. 03 IPv4 Addressing The structure of the 32-bit address, the split between network and host portions, the legacy of classful addressing, and blocks reserved for special purposes.
  4. 04 Subnetting Netmask arithmetic, computing network and broadcast addresses, borrowing bits, and splitting the example block into equal subnets.
  5. 05 Variable-Length Subnetting The method of splitting with different masks, the alignment rule, building the example organization's plan with an overlap test, and route summarization.
  6. 06 IPv6 The notation rules of the 128-bit address, address types, autoconfiguration, header differences, and how the two versions interoperate.
  7. 07 ICMP The format of control messages, the echo test, how the time-to-live field turns into traceroute, path MTU discovery, and the consequences of blocking these messages.
  8. 08 DHCP The four steps of dynamic address leasing, lease duration and renewal thresholds, deriving pools from the example plan, and the relay agent's role.
  9. 09 NAT and PAT Types of address translation, the translation table's five-component key, capacity calculations, and the breakdown of end-to-end connectivity.

03

Transport Layer

Ports and sockets, TCP's reliability mechanisms, congestion control, UDP, and the delay-throughput calculation.

  1. 01 Ports and Sockets Addressing application endpoints, port number ranges, the four-tuple that makes a connection unique, and the distinction between a listening socket and a connection socket.
  2. 02 TCP Three-way handshake, sequence and acknowledgement numbers, computing the retransmission timer, flow control, and the connection state machine.
  3. 03 Congestion Control Congestion window, slow start and additive increase-multiplicative decrease, reading loss as a signal, and the relationship between loss rate and throughput.
  4. 04 UDP Eight-byte header, message boundary preservation, applications suited to unreliable delivery, and building reliability at the application layer.
  5. 05 Delay and Throughput The four components of delay, the bandwidth-delay product, window sizing, and breaking down a transfer's duration into its components.

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